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MLA Book Citation

Generate MLA citations from ISBNs, titles or URLs.

Journal article
Example result
Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. H. C. (1953). Molecular structure of nucleic acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature, 171(4356), 737–738. https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0
Complete · All key fields present
MLA 9th
Watson, James D., and Francis H. C. Crick. “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.” Nature, vol. 171, no. 4356, 1953, pp. 737–738. DOI: 10.1038/171737a0.
Complete · All key fields present
MLA 9th
Watson, James D., and Francis H. C. Crick. 1953. “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.” Nature 171 (4356): 737–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0.
Complete · All key fields present

MLA Format for Book Works Cited Entries
9th Edition

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle. Publisher, Year.
Author
  • List authors in the order they appear on the book.
  • Format: Last Name, First Name.
  • Two authors: Invert the first author; list the second author in normal order.
  • Three or more authors: List the first author followed by et al. Example: Smith, John, et al.
Title of the Book
  • Italicize the full title, including the subtitle.
  • Use Title Case capitalization (capitalize major words).
  • Add a colon before the subtitle.
  • Example: Thinking, Fast and Slow: A New Understanding of Choices
Publisher
  • List the publisher’s name only (location is not required in MLA 8+).
  • If multiple publishers appear, include the primary one.
Year
  • Use the publication year.
  • If the year is missing, use n.d.

MLA Book Examples

One author

Write the author's last name first, followed by the first name.
Example:
Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Alfred A. Knopf, 1987.

Two authors

Invert the first author; list the second author's name in normal order.
Example:
King, Stephen, and Owen King. Sleeping Beauties. Scribner, 2017.

Three+ authors

List the first author followed by et al.
Example:
Graff, Gerald, et al. They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. W. W. Norton, 2021.

Organization as author

Use the organization’s full name in the author position.
Example:
World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes. WHO Press, 2016.

No author books

Move the title to the author position.
Example:
The Chicago Manual of Style. University of Chicago Press, 2017.

Edited book

List the editor’s name followed by “editor” or “editors.”
Example:
Greenblatt, Stephen, editor. The Norton Shakespeare. W. W. Norton, 2015.

Translated book

List the original author; add the translator after the title.
Example:
Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage Classics, 1993.

Book with multiple editions

Add the edition after the title, before the publisher.
Example:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 9th ed., University of Chicago Press, 2018.

Chapter in an edited book

Place the chapter title in double quotation marks. Then list the book it appears in as the container title in italic, followed by the editor, publisher, year, and the chapter’s page range.
Example:
Kimmerer, Robin Wall. “Learning the Grammar of Animacy.” Braiding Sweetgrass, Milkweed Editions, 2013, pp. 49–59.

eBook / Digital edition

Indicate the format or platform after the publication details.
Example(Kindle):
Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. Scholastic, 1998. Kindle ed.
Example(Google Books):
Pink, Daniel H. Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Riverhead Books, 2009. Google Books ed.
Example(EPUB):
Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1986. EPUB ed.

In-Text Citations

MLA style uses an author–page system for in-text citations. Parenthetical citations place the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses, while narrative citations integrate the author’s name into the sentence with the page number following in parentheses.

Basic citation styles

Parenthetical citation

(Author page) appears at the end of the sentence.

The results support this theory (Morrison 45).

Narrative citation

Author is part of the sentence; only the page number goes in parentheses.

Morrison argues that memory shapes identity (45).

One Author

Parenthetical citation

Use the author’s last name and the page number.

(King 102)

Narrative citation

Place the author in the sentence, followed by the page number.

King writes that fear often controls behavior (102).

Two Authors

Parenthetical citation

List both authors’ last names joined by and.

(Smith and Lee 77)

Narrative citation

Use “and” between authors in the sentence.

Smith and Lee note that reading improves retention (77).

Three or More Authors

Parenthetical citation

Use the first author’s last name followed by et al.

(Graff et al. 210)

Narrative citation

Introduce the first author in the sentence and add et al. before the page number.

Graff et al. argue that writing templates increase clarity (210).

Organization as Author

Parenthetical citation

Use the organization’s full name or a shortened version if long.

(World Health Organization 15)

Narrative citation

Introduce the organization in the sentence.

According to the World Health Organization, diabetes continues to increase worldwide (15).

No Author

Parenthetical citation

Use the title of the book in place of the author.

(The Chicago Manual of Style, 112)

Narrative citation

Use the book title in the sentence and place the page number in parentheses.

The Chicago Manual of Style states that citation clarity is essential (112).

Multiple sources in one citation

Parenthetical citation

List each source and separate them with semicolons.

(Morrison 45; King 102)

Narrative citation

Introduce each source separately within the sentence.

Morrison (45) and King (102) both address this theme.

Quick Checklist

Common Mistakes & How to Fix Them

Mistake 1

Using sentence case for the book title

MLA uses Title Case for book titles. Capitalize all major words and any subtitle after a colon.

Wrong

the psychology of learning

Correct

The Psychology of Learning

Mistake 2

Adding the publisher’s location

MLA 9 does not include a city or country. List only the publisher name.

Wrong

Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.

Correct

Cambridge University Press.

Mistake 3

Using initials instead of full first names

MLA requires full first names, not initials.

Wrong

Smith, J.

Correct

Smith, John.

Mistake 4

Putting the year immediately after the author

In MLA, the year appears at the end of the citation, not after the author.

Wrong

Morrison, Toni. (2004). Beloved.

Correct

Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004.

Mistake 5

Using “&” between two authors

MLA uses and, never the ampersand symbol.

Wrong

Smith, John, & Brown, Kate.

Correct

Smith, John, and Brown, Kate.

Mistake 6

Using “et al.” incorrectly

MLA uses et al. only when there are three or more authors.

Wrong

Smith, John, et al.(when there are only 2 authors)

Correct

Smith, John, and Davis, Mark.(2 authors)

Smith, John, et al.(3+ authors)

Mistake 7

Forgetting to italicize the book title

MLA always italicizes book titles.

Wrong

Beloved

Correct

Beloved

Mistake 8

Adding “pp.” for whole books

Page numbers are used only for chapters in edited collections, not entire books.

Wrong

Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004, pp. 1–324.

Correct

Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004.

Mistake 9

Putting edition/volume in the wrong place

Edition and volume go after the title and before the publisher.

Wrong

Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004, 2nd ed.

Correct

Morrison, Toni. Beloved. 2nd ed., Vintage, 2004.

Mistake 10

Using DOI/URL when the book is print

Links are included only for online or electronic editions.

Wrong

Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004. https://...

Correct

Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004.

MLA Book Citation FAQ

If a book has no author, start the Works Cited entry with the title in italics. Follow with the rest of the standard book citation.

Example pattern: Title of Book. Publisher, Year.

In-text, use a shortened title and the page number, for example: (Beloved 14).