(Author page) appears at the end of the sentence.
The results support this theory (Morrison 45).
Generate MLA citations from ISBNs, titles or URLs.
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle. Publisher, Year. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. King, Stephen, and Owen King. Sleeping Beauties. Scribner, 2017. Graff, Gerald, et al. They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. W. W. Norton, 2021. World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes. WHO Press, 2016. The Chicago Manual of Style. University of Chicago Press, 2017. Greenblatt, Stephen, editor. The Norton Shakespeare. W. W. Norton, 2015. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage Classics, 1993. Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 9th ed., University of Chicago Press, 2018. Kimmerer, Robin Wall. “Learning the Grammar of Animacy.” Braiding Sweetgrass, Milkweed Editions, 2013, pp. 49–59. Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. Scholastic, 1998. Kindle ed. Pink, Daniel H. Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Riverhead Books, 2009. Google Books ed. Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1986. EPUB ed. MLA style uses an author–page system for in-text citations. Parenthetical citations place the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses, while narrative citations integrate the author’s name into the sentence with the page number following in parentheses.
(Author page) appears at the end of the sentence.
The results support this theory (Morrison 45).
Author is part of the sentence; only the page number goes in parentheses.
Morrison argues that memory shapes identity (45).
Use the author’s last name and the page number.
(King 102)
Place the author in the sentence, followed by the page number.
King writes that fear often controls behavior (102).
List both authors’ last names joined by and.
(Smith and Lee 77)
Use “and” between authors in the sentence.
Smith and Lee note that reading improves retention (77).
Use the first author’s last name followed by et al.
(Graff et al. 210)
Introduce the first author in the sentence and add et al. before the page number.
Graff et al. argue that writing templates increase clarity (210).
Use the organization’s full name or a shortened version if long.
(World Health Organization 15)
Introduce the organization in the sentence.
According to the World Health Organization, diabetes continues to increase worldwide (15).
Use the title of the book in place of the author.
(The Chicago Manual of Style, 112)
Use the book title in the sentence and place the page number in parentheses.
The Chicago Manual of Style states that citation clarity is essential (112).
List each source and separate them with semicolons.
(Morrison 45; King 102)
Introduce each source separately within the sentence.
Morrison (45) and King (102) both address this theme.
MLA uses Title Case for book titles. Capitalize all major words and any subtitle after a colon.
✕ the psychology of learning
✓ The Psychology of Learning
MLA 9 does not include a city or country. List only the publisher name.
✕ Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
✓ Cambridge University Press.
MLA requires full first names, not initials.
✕ Smith, J.
✓ Smith, John.
In MLA, the year appears at the end of the citation, not after the author.
✕Morrison, Toni. (2004). Beloved.
✓ Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004.
MLA uses and, never the ampersand symbol.
✕ Smith, John, & Brown, Kate.
✓ Smith, John, and Brown, Kate.
MLA uses et al. only when there are three or more authors.
✕ Smith, John, et al.(when there are only 2 authors)
✓ Smith, John, and Davis, Mark.(2 authors)
✓ Smith, John, et al.(3+ authors)
MLA always italicizes book titles.
✕ Beloved
✓ Beloved
Page numbers are used only for chapters in edited collections, not entire books.
✕ Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004, pp. 1–324.
✓ Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004.
Edition and volume go after the title and before the publisher.
✕ Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004, 2nd ed.
✓ Morrison, Toni. Beloved. 2nd ed., Vintage, 2004.
Links are included only for online or electronic editions.
✕ Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004. https://...
✓ Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2004.
If a book has no author, start the Works Cited entry with the title in italics. Follow with the rest of the standard book citation.
Example pattern: Title of Book. Publisher, Year.
In-text, use a shortened title and the page number, for example: (Beloved 14).